Methodology & Review Standards

When sources disagree, the higher tier wins. A lower tier never overrides a higher one.

1. Exchange filings — annual, interim and quarterly reports and announcements published through stock exchanges and their designated disclosure sites (e.g. CNINFO, SSE, SZSE, HKEX). Reviewed business summaries are drafted primarily from these filings.
2. Government agencies and industry associations — official statistics, policy documents and notices.
3. Company websites — the company's own about, product and news pages.
4. Media reports and reprints — including brokerage research republished by financial media. The lowest tier.

How each part of the site uses these tiers:

• Company profiles: reviewed profiles are, as a rule, based on primary material — the first three tiers above, mainly exchange filings.
• Weekly research and similar sections: filings and official data are cited first. When the original announcement cannot be obtained, a report may cite a media or brokerage reprint with its source named — a numbered citation in the text and an entry in the source list — and its method & limitations section states the limits of that material (for example, financial figures restated by a broker rather than taken from the filing).
• Curated value-chain maps: sources that are not the publisher's original (reprints, newspaper pages) are marked secondary and used as leads or corroboration only — a fact citing one also names where the publisher's original was checked, and content whose original was not obtained is recorded as a gap.

A company profile is marked reviewed only when its English business summary meets all of the following:

• Sentence-level sourcing: every sentence is translated from a Chinese summary that is itself bound to a cited source; nothing is added that the source does not state.
• Editorial review: the draft and its source URLs and as-of date are checked by a reviewer other than the drafter before release.
• Fingerprint check: the review stores a fingerprint of the approved text, the Chinese source version and the source URLs. The server recomputes it on every read; if the text or sources change after review, the profile automatically falls back to unreviewed.
• No source, no conclusion: claims without a registered source are left out rather than inferred.

Reviewed profiles show a What this profile verifies section with the review date and a Sources & limitations section with the source URLs. Profiles whose legal identity is still being verified are never shown as reviewed.

• Review scope is the business summary only. Industry, city, stock code, listing status and financial fields remain unverified unless explicitly marked Verified.
• Point-in-time data: summaries describe the reporting period of the cited filing and may be out of date for later changes; check the as-of date shown on each profile.
• Reprints are named, not always checked against the original: figures a weekly report takes from a media or brokerage reprint follow that reprint and may not have been matched to the filing; the report's method & limitations section states this. On curated value-chain maps such sources are marked secondary.
• Nothing on this site is investment advice.

• Each report cites at least three distinct sources whose full text was actually retrieved; citations [S1]…[Sn] must point to that list.
• Any figure with a unit needs a citation in the same sentence; sentences whose figures cannot be verified are deleted, never replaced with an invented number.
• Claims of fieldwork, surveys or interviews are rejected unless such a primary sample exists. Every report ends with a method & limitations section.
• These gates are mechanical: they prove a claim is tied to text we fetched, not that the source says exactly what the report claims. That remains an editorial judgement.

• Weekly research: a new sector report each week.
• Company profiles: reviewed in batches; each batch is checked against its sources before release, and the review date is shown on every reviewed profile.

The list is temporarily unavailable. Browse the company directory instead.

• Company directoryAll company profiles; reviewed profiles are sectioned and include Sources & limitations.
• GuidesEnglish guides to reading China's energy sector from primary documents.
• Research methodEvidence gates and the required method & limitations section (below on this page).
• Weekly researchSector deep-dive reports published weekly.